THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
History
- First signs of inhabitants dates back to the Stone Age
- The Britons had no written history before 55 B.C.
- The Celts settled the area of today´s London around 800 BC
- Then came the period of Roman invasion (first in A.D. 43)
- To prevent attacks from the north the Romans built Hadrian´s wall in 122 and the wall of Antonius in 142, on the north and west the occupation was almost purely military, area around London became Romanized
- Even though the occupation lasted nearly 400 years, the old Celtic system was not destroyed completely, British language existed side by side with Latin
- By 800 England was split into seven kingdoms
- Christianity spread over England after St. Augustin landed in Kent in 597
- The Danes and the Norsemen attacked England at the beginning of the 9th century, only King Alfred the Great was able to stop them
- Since 1016 the Danish King Canute ruled England
- In 1066 William the Conqueror started the Norman invasion
- Some of the famous rulers of this period were Henry I (1100-1135) who issued a Charter of Liberties, Richard I, the Lion-Heart (1189-1199)
- The "establishment" of Oxford University around 1167
- The "establishment" of Cambridge University in 1209
- In 1215 Magna Carta was issued (this clause limits the power of rulers, and introduces the idea of lawful process and the idea of a jury)
- Hundred Years´War (1338-1453) - war over English feudal claim to the French crown - includes English victories at Crecy in 1346 ( John of Luxemburg was killed there), and at Agincourt in 1415 but Joan of Arc changed the situation and the English lost their power in France (except Calais)
- 15th century witnessed the Wars of Roses (wars between the House of York and House of Lancaster over the claim to the throne), the Battle of Bosworth (1485) ended these wars (king Richard III was killed) and the Tudor dynasty started (lasted till 1603)
- Establishment of the Church of England during the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547)
- During the reign of Elizabeth I (Henry´s daughter - 1558-1603) England became a European power, defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588
- The 17th century witnessed the start of colonial expansion to North America and India
- The year 1642 is practically the beginning of civil wars between the Parliament and Crown (king Charles I for the first time executed in 1649), England ruled by Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector afterwards
- The monarchy is re-established in 1660 but without its former aura
- In 1688 The Glorious Revolution broke out and in 1689 one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed (definitely put the power into the hands of the Parliament)
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into being on 1 May 1707, as a result of the political union of the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland
- The 18th century was marked by the growing power of Britain in world policy, Britain took part in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702 -1713) and the Seven Years´ War (1756-1763) after which Britain gained f.ex. Canada, Florida, Grenada etc.
- Sir Robert Walpole (1721-1742) became England?s first prime-minister
- The American War of Independence (1775-1783) leads to the loss of the 13 American colonies
- The Act of Union of 1800 formally assimilated Ireland within the British political process and from 1 January 1801 created a new state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) meant new struggle, finished in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo
- The 19th century was marked by the growth of the British Empire (Britain controlled a great deal of Africa, all of Australia and New Zealand, and India)
- During the 20th century UK was forced to leave some of their colonies (India, Pakistan etc.) and was involved in both the First and the Second World Wars
Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org
T.Chudý, J. Chudá: Some Basic Facts, Fragment, Havlíčkův Brod 1996
History
- First signs of inhabitants dates back to the Stone Age
- The Britons had no written history before 55 B.C.
- The Celts settled the area of today´s London around 800 BC
- Then came the period of Roman invasion (first in A.D. 43)
- To prevent attacks from the north the Romans built Hadrian´s wall in 122 and the wall of Antonius in 142, on the north and west the occupation was almost purely military, area around London became Romanized
- Even though the occupation lasted nearly 400 years, the old Celtic system was not destroyed completely, British language existed side by side with Latin
- By 800 England was split into seven kingdoms
- Christianity spread over England after St. Augustin landed in Kent in 597
- The Danes and the Norsemen attacked England at the beginning of the 9th century, only King Alfred the Great was able to stop them
- Since 1016 the Danish King Canute ruled England
- In 1066 William the Conqueror started the Norman invasion
- Some of the famous rulers of this period were Henry I (1100-1135) who issued a Charter of Liberties, Richard I, the Lion-Heart (1189-1199)
- The "establishment" of Oxford University around 1167
- The "establishment" of Cambridge University in 1209
- In 1215 Magna Carta was issued (this clause limits the power of rulers, and introduces the idea of lawful process and the idea of a jury)
- Hundred Years´War (1338-1453) - war over English feudal claim to the French crown - includes English victories at Crecy in 1346 ( John of Luxemburg was killed there), and at Agincourt in 1415 but Joan of Arc changed the situation and the English lost their power in France (except Calais)
- 15th century witnessed the Wars of Roses (wars between the House of York and House of Lancaster over the claim to the throne), the Battle of Bosworth (1485) ended these wars (king Richard III was killed) and the Tudor dynasty started (lasted till 1603)
- Establishment of the Church of England during the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547)
- During the reign of Elizabeth I (Henry´s daughter - 1558-1603) England became a European power, defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588
- The 17th century witnessed the start of colonial expansion to North America and India
- The year 1642 is practically the beginning of civil wars between the Parliament and Crown (king Charles I for the first time executed in 1649), England ruled by Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector afterwards
- The monarchy is re-established in 1660 but without its former aura
- In 1688 The Glorious Revolution broke out and in 1689 one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed (definitely put the power into the hands of the Parliament)
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into being on 1 May 1707, as a result of the political union of the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland
- The 18th century was marked by the growing power of Britain in world policy, Britain took part in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702 -1713) and the Seven Years´ War (1756-1763) after which Britain gained f.ex. Canada, Florida, Grenada etc.
- Sir Robert Walpole (1721-1742) became England?s first prime-minister
- The American War of Independence (1775-1783) leads to the loss of the 13 American colonies
- The Act of Union of 1800 formally assimilated Ireland within the British political process and from 1 January 1801 created a new state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) meant new struggle, finished in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo
- The 19th century was marked by the growth of the British Empire (Britain controlled a great deal of Africa, all of Australia and New Zealand, and India)
- During the 20th century UK was forced to leave some of their colonies (India, Pakistan etc.) and was involved in both the First and the Second World Wars
Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org
T.Chudý, J. Chudá: Some Basic Facts, Fragment, Havlíčkův Brod 1996
Naposledy změněno: Čtvrtek, 29. říjen 2015, 10.56